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Gambling card game

Blackjack A blackjack example, consisting of an ace and a 10-valued

card Alternative names Twenty-One Type Comparing Players 2+, usually 2�7 Skills

Probability Cards 52 to 416 (one to eight 52-card decks) Deck French Play Clockwise

Chance High Related games Pontoon, twenty-one, Siebzehn und Vier, vingt-et-un

Blackjack

(formerly black jack and vingt-un) is a casino banking game.[1]: 342 It is the most

widely played casino banking game in the world. It uses decks of 52 cards and descends

from a global family of casino banking games known as "twenty-one". This family of card

games also includes the European games vingt-et-un and pontoon, and the Russian game

Ochko [ru].[2] Blackjack players do not compete against each other. The game is a

comparing card game where each player competes against the dealer.

History [ edit

]

Blackjack's immediate precursor was the English version of twenty-one called

vingt-un, a game of unknown (but likely Spanish) provenance. The first written

reference is found in a book by the Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes. Cervantes was a

gambler, and the protagonists of his "Rinconete y Cortadillo", from Novelas Ejemplares,

are card cheats in Seville. They are proficient at cheating at veintiuna (Spanish for

"twenty-one") and state that the object of the game is to reach 21 points without going

over and that the ace values 1 or 11. The game is played with the Spanish baraja

deck.

"Rinconete y Cortadillo" was written between 1601 and 1602, implying that

ventiuna was played in Castile since the beginning of the 17th century or earlier.

Later references to this game are found in France and Spain.[3]

The first record of the

game in France occurs in 1888 and in Britain during the 1770s and 1780s, but the first

rules appeared in Britain in 1800 under the name of vingt-un.[6] Twenty-One, still

known then as vingt-un, appeared in the United States in the early 1800s. The first

American rules were an 1825 reprint of the 1800 English rules. English vingt-un later

developed into an American variant in its own right which was renamed blackjack around

1899.

According to popular myth, when vingt-un ('twenty-one') was introduced into the

United States (in the early 1800s, during the First World War, or in the 1930s,

depending on the source), gambling houses offered bonus payouts to stimulate players'

interest. One such bonus was a ten-to-one payout if the player's hand consisted of the

ace of spades and a black jack (either the jack of clubs or the jack of spades). This

hand was called a "blackjack", and the name stuck even after the ten-to-one bonus was

withdrawn.

French card historian Thierry Depaulis debunks this story, showing that

prospectors during the Klondike Gold Rush (1896�99) gave the name blackjack to the game

of American vingt-un, the bonus being the usual ace and any 10-point card. Since

blackjack also refers to the mineral zincblende, which was often associated with gold

or silver deposits, he suggests that the mineral name was transferred by prospectors to

the top bonus hand. He could not find any historical evidence for a special bonus for

having the combination of an ace and a black jack.

In September 1956, Roger Baldwin,

Wilbert Cantey, Herbert Maisel, and James McDermott published a paper titled "The

Optimum Strategy in Blackjack" in the Journal of the American Statistical

Association,[9] the first mathematically sound optimal blackjack strategy. This paper

became the foundation of future efforts to beat blackjack. Ed Thorp used Baldwin's hand

calculations to verify the basic strategy and later published (in 1963) Beat the

Dealer.[10]

Rules of play at casinos [ edit ]

Blackjack example game Initial deal

Player action Dealer's hand revealed Bets settled

At a blackjack table, the dealer

faces five to nine playing positions from behind a semicircular table. Between one and

eight standard 52-card decks are shuffled together. To start each round, players place

bets in the "betting box" at each position. In jurisdictions allowing back betting, up

to three players can be at each position. The player whose bet is at the front of the

betting box controls the position, and the dealer consults the controlling player for

playing decisions; the other bettors "play behind". A player can usually control or bet

in as many boxes as desired at a single table, but an individual cannot play on more

than one table at a time or place multiple bets within a single box. In many U.S.

casinos, players are limited to playing one to three positions at a table.

The dealer

deals from their left ("first base") to their far right ("third base"). Each box gets

an initial hand of two cards visible to the people playing on it. The dealer's hand

gets its first card face-up and, in "hole card" games, immediately gets a second card

face-down (the hole card), which the dealer peeks at but only reveals when it makes the

dealer's hand a blackjack. Hole card games are sometimes played on tables with a small

mirror or electronic sensor used to peek securely at the hole card. In European

casinos, "no hole card" games are prevalent; the dealer's second card is not drawn

until the players have played their hands.

Dealers deal the cards from one or two

handheld decks, from a dealer's shoe or from a shuffling machine. Single cards are

dealt to each wagered-on position clockwise from the dealer's left, followed by a

single card to the dealer, followed by an additional card to each of the positions in

play. The players' initial cards may be dealt face-up or face-down (more common in

single-deck games).

The object of the game is to win money by creating card totals

higher than those of the dealer's hand but not exceeding 21, or by stopping at a total

in the hope that the dealer will bust. On their turn, players choose to "hit" (take a

card), "stand" (end their turn and stop without taking a card), "double" (double their

wager, take a single card, and finish), "split" (if the two cards have the same value,

separate them to make two hands), or "surrender" (give up a half-bet and retire from

the game).

Number cards count as their number, the jack, queen, and king ("face cards"

or "pictures") count as 10, and aces count as either 1 or 11 according to the player's

choice. If the total exceeds 21 points, it busts, and all bets on it immediately

lose.

After the boxes have finished playing, the dealer's hand is resolved by drawing

cards until the hand achieves a total of 17 or higher. If the dealer has a total of 17

including an ace valued as 11 (a "soft 17"), some games require the dealer to stand

while other games require another draw. The dealer never doubles, splits, or

surrenders. If the dealer busts, all remaining player hands win. If the dealer does not

bust, each remaining bet wins if its hand is higher than the dealer's and loses if it

is lower.

A player total of 21 on the first two cards is a "natural" or "blackjack",

and the player wins immediately unless the dealer also has one, in which case the hand

ties. In the case of a tie ("push" or "standoff"), bets are returned without

adjustment. A blackjack beats any hand that is not a blackjack, even one with a value

of 21.

Wins are paid out at even money, except for player blackjacks, which are

traditionally paid out at 3 to 2 odds. Many casinos today pay blackjacks at less than

3:2. This is common in single-deck blackjack games.[11]

Blackjack games usually offer a

side bet called insurance, which may be placed when the dealer's face-up card is an

ace. Additional side bets, such as "Dealer Match" which pays when the player's cards

match the dealer's up card, are also sometimes available.

Player decisions [ edit

]

After the initial two cards, the player has up to five options: "hit", "stand",

"double down", "split", or "surrender". Each option has a corresponding hand

signal.

Hit: Take another card.

Signal: Scrape cards against the table (in handheld

games); tap the table with a finger or wave a hand toward the body (in games dealt

face-up).

Stand: Take no more cards; also known as "stand pat", "sit", "stick", or

"stay".

Signal: Slide cards under chips (in handheld games); wave hand horizontally (in

games dealt face-up).

Double down: Increase the initial bet by 100% and take exactly

one more card. The additional bet is placed next to the original bet. Some games permit

the player to increase the bet by amounts smaller than 100%, which is known as "double

for less".[12] Non-controlling players may or may not double their wager, but they

still only take one card.

Signal: Place additional chips beside the original bet

outside the betting box and point with one finger.

Split: Create two hands from a

starting hand where both cards are the same value. Each new hand gets a second card

resulting in two starting hands. This requires an additional bet on the second hand.

The two hands are played out independently, and the wager on each hand is won or lost

independently. In the case of cards worth 10 points, some casinos only allow splitting

when the cards rank the same. For example, 10-10 could be split, but K-10 could not.

Doubling and re-splitting after splitting are often restricted. A 10-valued card and an

ace resulting from a split usually isn't considered a blackjack. Hitting split aces is

often not allowed. Non-controlling players can opt to put up a second bet or not. If

they do not, they only get paid or lose on one of the two post-split hands.

Signal:

Place additional chips next to the original bet outside the betting box and point with

two fingers spread into a V formation.

Surrender: Forfeit half the bet and end the hand

immediately. This option is only available at some tables in some casinos, and the

option is only available as the first decision.

Signal: Spoken; there are no standard

signals.

Hand signals help the "eye in the sky" make a video recording of the table,

which resolves disputes and identifies dealer mistakes. It is also used to protect the

casino against dealers who steal chips or players who cheat. Recordings can also

identify advantage players. When a player's hand signal disagrees with their words, the

hand signal takes precedence.

A hand can "hit" as often as desired until the total is

21 or more. Players must stand on a total of 21. After a bust or a stand, play proceeds

to the next hand clockwise around the table. After the last hand is played, the dealer

reveals the hole card and stands or draws according to the game's rules. When the

outcome of the dealer's hand is established, any hands with bets remaining on the table

are resolved (usually in counterclockwise order); bets on losing hands are forfeited,

the bet on a push is left on the table, and winners are paid out.

Insurance [ edit ]

If

the dealer shows an ace, an "insurance" bet is allowed. Insurance is a side bet that

the dealer has a blackjack. The dealer asks for insurance bets before the first player

plays. Insurance bets of up to half the player's current bet are placed on the

"insurance bar" above the player's cards. If the dealer has a blackjack, insurance pays

2 to 1. In most casinos, the dealer looks at the down card and pays off or takes the

insurance bet immediately. In other casinos, the payoff waits until the end of the

play.

In face-down games, if a player has more than one hand, they can look at all

their hands before deciding. This is the only condition where a player can look at

multiple hands.

Players with blackjack can also take insurance.

Insurance bets lose

money in the long run. The dealer has a blackjack less than one-third of the time. In

some games, players can also take insurance when a 10-valued card shows, but the dealer

has an ace in the hole less than one-tenth of the time.

The insurance bet is

susceptible to advantage play. It is advantageous to make an insurance bet whenever the

hole card has more than a one in three chance of being a ten. Card counting techniques

can identify such situations.

Rule variations and effects on house edge [ edit ]

Note:

Where changes in the house edge due to changes in the rules are stated in percentage

terms, the difference is usually stated here in percentage points, not a percentage.

For example, if an edge of 10% is reduced to 9%, it is reduced by one percentage point,

not reduced by ten percent.

Doubling down. The third card is placed at right angles to

signify that the player cannot receive any more cards.

Blackjack rules are generally

set by regulations that establish permissible rule variations at the casino's

discretion.[13] Blackjack comes with a "house edge"; the casino's statistical advantage

is built into the game. Most of the house's edge comes from the fact that the player

loses when both the player and dealer bust. Blackjack players using basic strategy lose

on average less than 1% of their action over the long run, giving blackjack one of the

lowest edges in the casino. The house edge for games where blackjack pays 6 to 5

instead of 3 to 2 increases by about 1.4%, though. Player deviations from basic

strategy also increase the house edge.

Dealer hits soft 17

A "soft 17" in blackjack (an

ace and any combination of 6)

Each game has a rule about whether the dealer must hit or

stand on soft 17, which is generally printed on the table surface. The variation where

the dealer must hit soft 17 is abbreviated "H17" in blackjack literature, with "S17"

used for the stand-on-soft-17 variation. Substituting an "H17" rule with an "S17" rule

in a game benefits the player, decreasing the house edge by about 0.2%.

Number of

decks

All things being equal, using fewer decks decreases the house edge. This mainly

reflects an increased likelihood of player blackjack, since if the player draws a ten

on their first card, the subsequent probability of drawing an ace is higher with fewer

decks. It also reflects the decreased likelihood of a blackjack�blackjack push in a

game with fewer decks.

Casinos generally compensate by tightening other rules in games

with fewer decks, to preserve the house edge or discourage play altogether. When

offering single-deck blackjack games, casinos are more likely to disallow doubling on

soft hands or after splitting, restrict resplitting, require higher minimum bets, and

pay the player less than 3:2 for a winning blackjack.

The following table illustrates

the mathematical effect on the house edge of the number of decks, by considering games

with various deck counts under the following ruleset: double after split allowed,

resplit to four hands allowed, no hitting split aces, no surrendering, double on any

two cards, original bets only lost on dealer blackjack, dealer hits soft 17, and

cut-card used. The increase in house edge per unit increase in the number of decks is

most dramatic when comparing the single-deck game to the two-deck game, and becomes

progressively smaller as more decks are added.

Number of decks House advantage Single

deck 0.17% Double deck 0.46% Four decks 0.60% Six decks 0.64% Eight decks

0.66%

Late/early surrender

Surrender, for those games that allow it, is usually not

permitted against a dealer blackjack; if the dealer's first card is an ace or ten, the

hole card is checked to make sure there is no blackjack before surrender is offered.

This rule protocol is consequently known as "late" surrender. The alternative, "early"

surrender, gives the player the option to surrender before the dealer checks for

blackjack, or in a no hole card game. Early surrender is much more favorable to the

player than late surrender.

For late surrender, however, while it is tempting to opt

for surrender on any hand which will probably lose, the correct strategy is to only

surrender on the very worst hands, because having even a one-in-four chance of winning

the full bet is better than losing half the bet and pushing the other half, as entailed

by surrendering.

Resplitting

If the cards of a post-split hand have the same value,

most games allow the player to split again, or "resplit". The player places a further

wager, and the dealer separates the new pair dealing a further card to each as before.

Some games allow unlimited resplitting, while others may limit it to a certain number

of hands, such as four hands (for example, "resplit to 4").

Hit/resplit split

aces

After splitting aces, the common rule is that only one card will be dealt to each

ace; the player cannot split, double, or take another hit on either hand. Rule variants

include allowing resplitting aces or allowing the player to hit split aces. Games

allowing aces to be resplit are not uncommon, but those allowing the player to hit

split aces are extremely rare. Allowing the player to hit hands resulting from split

aces reduces the house edge by about 0.13%; allowing resplitting of aces reduces the

house edge by about 0.03%. Note that a ten-value card dealt on a split ace (or vice

versa) will not be counted as a blackjack but as a soft 21.

No double after split

After

a split, most games allow doubling down on the new two-card hands. Disallowing doubling

after a split increases the house edge by about 0.12%.

Double on 9/10/11 or 10/11

only

Under the "Reno rule", doubling down is only permitted on hard totals of 9, 10, or

11 (under a similar European rule, only 10 or 11). The basic strategy would otherwise

call for some doubling down with hard 9 and soft 13�18, and advanced players can

identify situations where doubling on soft 19�20 and hard 8, 7, and even 6 is

advantageous. The Reno rule prevents the player from taking advantage of double-down in

these situations and thereby increases the player's expected loss. The Reno rule

increases the house edge by around 0.1%, and its European version by around 0.2%.

No

hole card and OBO

In most non-U.S. casinos, a "no hole card" game is played, meaning

that the dealer does not draw nor consult their second card until after all players

have finished making decisions. With no hole card, it is rarely the correct basic

strategy to double or split against a dealer ten or ace, since a dealer blackjack will

result in the loss of the split and double bets; the only exception is with a pair of

aces against a dealer 10, where it is still correct to split. In all other cases, a

stand, hit, or surrender is called for. For instance, when holding 11 against a dealer

10, the correct strategy is to double in a hole card game (where the player knows the

dealer's second card is not an ace), but to hit in a no-hole card game. The

no-hole-card rule adds approximately 0.11% to the house edge.

The "original bets only"

rule variation appearing in certain no hole card games states that if the player's hand

loses to a dealer blackjack, only the mandatory initial bet ("original") is forfeited,

and all optional bets, meaning doubles and splits, are pushed. "Original bets only" is

also known by the acronym OBO; it has the same effect on basic strategy and the house

edge as reverting to a hole card game.[14]

Altered payout for a winning blackjack

In

many casinos, a blackjack pays only 6:5 or even 1:1 instead of the usual 3:2. This is

most common at tables with lower table minimums. Although this payoff was originally

limited to single-deck games, it has spread to double-deck and shoe games. Among common

rule variations in the U.S., these altered payouts for blackjack are the most damaging

to the player, causing the greatest increase in house edge. Since blackjack occurs in

approximately 4.8% of hands, the 1:1 game increases the house edge by 2.3%, while the

6:5 game adds 1.4% to the house edge. Video blackjack machines generally pay a 1:1

payout for a blackjack.[11]

Dealer wins ties

The rule that bets on tied hands are lost

rather than pushed is catastrophic to the player. Though rarely used in standard

blackjack, it is sometimes seen in "blackjack-like" games, such as in some charity

casinos.

Blackjack strategy [ edit ]

Basic strategy [ edit ]

Each blackjack game has a

basic strategy, the optimal method of playing any hand. When using basic strategy, the

long-term house advantage (the expected loss of the player) is minimized.

An example of

a basic strategy is shown in the table below, which applies to a game with the

following specifications:[15]

Four to eight decks

The dealer hits on a soft 17

A double

is allowed after a split

Only original bets are lost on dealer blackjack

Player hand

Dealer's face-up card 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A Hard totals (excluding pairs) 18�21 S S S S

S S S S S S 17 S S S S S S S S S Us 16 S S S S S H H Uh Uh Uh 15 S S S S S H H H Uh Uh

13�14 S S S S S H H H H H 12 H H S S S H H H H H 11 Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh 10 Dh

Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh H H 9 H Dh Dh Dh Dh H H H H H 5�8 H H H H H H H H H H Soft totals

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A A,9 S S S S S S S S S S A,8 S S S S Ds S S S S S A,7 Ds Ds Ds Ds

Ds S S H H H A,6 H Dh Dh Dh Dh H H H H H A,4�A,5 H H Dh Dh Dh H H H H H A,2�A,3 H H H

Dh Dh H H H H H Pairs 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A A, A SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP 10,10 S S

S S S S S S S S 9,9 SP SP SP SP SP S SP SP S S 8,8 SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP Usp 7,7

SP SP SP SP SP SP H H H H 6,6 SP SP SP SP SP H H H H H 5,5 Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh Dh H H

4,4 H H H SP SP H H H H H 2,2�3,3 SP SP SP SP SP SP H H H H

Key:

S = Stand H = Hit Dh =

Double (if not allowed, then hit) Ds = Double (if not allowed, then stand) SP = Split

Uh = Surrender (if not allowed, then hit) Us = Surrender (if not allowed, then stand)

Usp = Surrender (if not allowed, then split)

Most basic strategy decisions are the same

for all blackjack games. Rule variations call for changes in only a few situations. For

example, to use the table above on a game with the stand-on-soft-17 rule (which favors

the player, and is typically found only at higher-limit tables today) only 6 cells

would need to be changed: hit on 11 vs. A, hit on 15 vs. A, stand on 17 vs. A, stand on

A,7 vs. 2, stand on A,8 vs. 6, and split on 8,8 vs. A. Regardless of the specific rule

variations, taking insurance or "even money" is never the correct play under a basic

strategy.[15]

Estimates of the house edge for blackjack games quoted by casinos and

gaming regulators are based on the assumption that the players follow basic

strategy.

Most blackjack games have a house edge of between 0.5% and 1%, placing

blackjack among the cheapest casino table games for the player. Casino promotions such

as complimentary matchplay vouchers or 2:1 blackjack payouts allow players to acquire

an advantage without deviating from basic strategy.[16]

Composition-dependent strategy

[ edit ]

The basic strategy is based on a player's point total and the dealer's visible

card. Players can sometimes improve on this decision by considering the composition of

their hand, not just the point total. For example, players should ordinarily stand when

holding 12 against a dealer 4. But in a single deck game, players should hit if their

12 consists of a 10 and a 2. The presence of a 10 in the player's hand has two

consequences:[17]

It makes the player's 12 a worse hand to stand on (since the only way

to avoid losing is for the dealer to go bust, which is less likely if there are fewer

10s left in the shoe).

It makes hitting safer, since the only way of going bust is to

draw a 10, and this is less likely with a 10 already in the hand.

Even when basic and

composition-dependent strategies lead to different actions, the difference in expected

reward is small, and it becomes smaller with more decks. Using a composition-dependent

strategy rather than a basic strategy in a single-deck game reduces the house edge by 4

in 10,000, which falls to 3 in 100,000 for a six-deck game.[18]

Advantage play [ edit

]

Blackjack has been a high-profile target for advantage players since the 1960s.

Advantage play attempts to win more using skills such as memory, computation, and

observation. While these techniques are legal, they can give players a mathematical

edge in the game, making advantage players unwanted customers for casinos. Advantage

play can lead to ejection or blacklisting. Some advantageous play techniques in

blackjack include:

Card counting [ edit ]

During the course of a blackjack shoe, the

dealer exposes the dealt cards. Players can infer from their accounting of the exposed

cards which cards remain. These inferences can be used in the following ways:

Players

can make larger bets when they have an advantage. For example, the players can increase

the starting bet if many aces and tens are left in the deck, in the hope of hitting a

blackjack.

Players can deviate from basic strategy according to the composition of

their undealt cards. For example, with many tens left in the deck, players might double

down in more situations since there is a better chance of getting a good hand.

A card

counting system assigns a point score to each card rank (e.g., 1 point for 2�6, 0

points for 7�9, and -1 point for 10�A). When a card is exposed, a counter adds the

score of that card to a running total, the 'count'. A card counter uses this count to

make betting and playing decisions. The count starts at 0 for a freshly shuffled deck

for "balanced" counting systems. Unbalanced counts are often started at a value that

depends on the number of decks used in the game.

Blackjack's house edge is usually

around 0.5�1% when players use basic strategy.[19] Card counting can give the player an

edge of up to about 2%.[20]: 5

Card counting works best when a few cards remain. This

makes single-deck games better for counters. As a result, casinos are more likely to

insist that players do not reveal their cards to one another in single-deck games. In

games with more decks, casinos limit penetration by ending the shoe and reshuffling

when one or more decks remain undealt. Casinos also sometimes use a shuffling machine

to reintroduce the cards whenever a deck has been played.

Card counting is legal unless

the counter is using an external device,[20]: 6�7 but a casino might inform counters

that they are no longer welcome to play blackjack. Sometimes a casino might ban a card

counter from the property.[21]

The use of external devices to help count cards is

illegal throughout the United States.[22]

Shuffle tracking [ edit ]

Another advantage

play technique, mainly applicable in multi-deck games, involves tracking groups of

cards (also known as slugs, clumps, or packs) through the shuffle and then playing and

betting according to when those cards come into play from a new shoe. Shuffle tracking

requires excellent eyesight and powers of visual estimation but is harder to detect;

shuffle trackers' actions are largely unrelated to the composition of the cards in the

shoe.[23]

Arnold Snyder's articles in Blackjack Forum magazine brought shuffle tracking

to the general public. His book, The Shuffle Tracker's Cookbook, mathematically

analyzed the player edge available from shuffle tracking based on the actual size of

the tracked slug. Jerry L. Patterson also developed and published a shuffle-tracking

method for tracking favorable clumps of cards and cutting them into play and tracking

unfavorable clumps of cards and cutting them out of play.[24][25][26]

Identifying

concealed cards [ edit ]

The player can also gain an advantage by identifying cards

from distinctive wear markings on their backs, or by hole carding (observing during the

dealing process the front of a card dealt face-down). These methods are generally legal

although their status in particular jurisdictions may vary.[27]

Side bets [ edit ]

Many

blackjack tables offer side bets on various outcomes including:[28]

Player hand and

dealer's up card total 19, 20, or 21 ("Lucky Lucky")

Player initial hand is a pair

("Perfect pairs")

Player initial hand is suited, and connected, or a suited K-Q ("Royal

match")

Player initial hand plus dealer's card makes a flush, straight, or

three-of-a-kind poker hand ("21+3")

Player initial hand totals 20 ("Lucky

Ladies")

Dealer upcard is in between the value of the player's two cards ("In

Bet")

First card drawn to the dealer will result in a dealer bust ("Bust It!")

One or

both of the player's cards is the same as the dealer's card ("Match the Dealer")

The

side wager is typically placed in a designated area next to the box for the main wager.

A player wishing to wager on a side bet usually must place a wager on blackjack. Some

games require that the blackjack wager should equal or exceed any side bet wager. A

non-controlling player of a blackjack hand is usually permitted to place a side bet

regardless of whether the controlling player does so.

The house edge for side bets is

generally higher than for the blackjack game itself. Nonetheless, side bets can be

susceptible to card counting. A side count designed specifically for a particular side

bet can improve the player's edge. Only a few side bets, like "Insurance" and "Lucky

Ladies", correlate well with the high-low counting system and offer a sufficient win

rate to justify the effort of advantage play.

In team play, it is common for team

members to be dedicated to only counting a side bet using a specialized count.

Video

blackjack [ edit ]

A video blackjack machine at Seven Feathers Casino.

Some casinos, as

well as general betting outlets, provide blackjack among a selection of casino-style

games at electronic consoles. Video blackjack game rules are generally more favorable

to the house; e.g., paying out only even money for winning blackjacks. Video and online

blackjack games generally deal each round from a fresh shoe (i.e., use an RNG for each

deal), rendering card counting ineffective in most situations.[29]

Variants and related

games [ edit ]

Blackjack is a member of the family of traditional card games played

recreationally worldwide. Most of these games have not been adapted for casino play.

Furthermore, the casino game development industry actively produces blackjack variants,

most of which are ultimately not adopted by casinos. The following are the most

prominent and established variants in casinos.

Spanish 21 provides players with liberal

rules, such as doubling down any number of cards (with the option to "rescue", or

surrender only one wager to the house), payout bonuses for five or more card 21s, 6�7�8

21s, 7�7�7 21s, late surrender, and player blackjacks and player 21s always winning.

The trade-off is having no 10s in the deck, although the jacks, queens, and kings are

still there. An unlicensed version of Spanish 21 played without a hole card is found in

Australian casinos under the name "pontoon".

provides players with liberal rules, such

as doubling down any number of cards (with the option to "rescue", or surrender only

one wager to the house), payout bonuses for five or more card 21s, 6�7�8 21s, 7�7�7

21s, late surrender, and player blackjacks and player 21s always winning. The trade-off

is having no 10s in the deck, although the jacks, queens, and kings are still there. An

unlicensed version of Spanish 21 played without a hole card is found in Australian

casinos under the name "pontoon". 21st-century blackjack (or Vegas-style blackjack ) is

found in California card rooms. In variations, a player bust does not always result in

an automatic loss; depending on the casino, the player can still push if the dealer

also busts. The dealer has to bust with a higher total, though.

(or ) is found in

California card rooms. In variations, a player bust does not always result in an

automatic loss; depending on the casino, the player can still push if the dealer also

busts. The dealer has to bust with a higher total, though. Double exposure blackjack

deals the first two cards of the dealer's hand face up. Blackjacks pay even money, and

players lose on ties. Also, players can neither buy insurance nor surrender.

deals the

first two cards of the dealer's hand face up. Blackjacks pay even money, and players

lose on ties. Also, players can neither buy insurance nor surrender. Double attack

blackjack has liberal blackjack rules and the option of increasing one's wager after

seeing the dealer's up card. This game is dealt from a Spanish shoe, and blackjacks

only pay even money.

has liberal blackjack rules and the option of increasing one's

wager after seeing the dealer's up card. This game is dealt from a Spanish shoe, and

blackjacks only pay even money. Blackjack switch is played over two hands, and the

second card can be switched between hands. For example, if the player is dealt 10�6 and

5�10, then the player can switch two cards to make hands of 10�10 and 6�5. Natural

blackjacks are paid 1:1 instead of the standard 3:2, and a dealer 22 is a push.

is

played over two hands, and the second card can be switched between hands. For example,

if the player is dealt 10�6 and 5�10, then the player can switch two cards to make

hands of 10�10 and 6�5. Natural blackjacks are paid 1:1 instead of the standard 3:2,

and a dealer 22 is a push. Super fun 21 allows a player to split a hand up to four

times. If the player has six cards totaling 20, they automatically win. Wins are paid

1:1.

Examples of local traditional and recreational related games include French

vingt-et-un ('twenty-one') and German Siebzehn und Vier ('seventeen and four'). Neither

game allows splitting. An ace counts only eleven, but two aces count as a blackjack. It

is mostly played in private circles and barracks. The popular British member of the

vingt-un family is called "pontoon", the name being probably a corruption of

vingt-et-un.

Blackjack Hall of Fame [ edit ]

In 2002, professional gamblers worldwide

were invited to nominate great blackjack players for admission into the Blackjack Hall

of Fame. Seven members were inducted in 2002, with new people inducted every year

after. The Hall of Fame is at the Barona Casino in San Diego. Members include Edward O.

Thorp, author of the 1960s book Beat the Dealer; Ken Uston, who popularized the concept

of team play; Arnold Snyder, author and editor of the Blackjack Forum trade journal;

and Stanford Wong, author and popularizer of "Wonging".

References [ edit ]

Further

reading [ edit ]

General literature [ edit ]

Depaulis, Thierry (April�June 2010).

"Dawson's Game: Blackjack and the Klondike". In Endebrock, Peter (ed.). The

Playing-Card . Journal of the International Playing-Card Society. Vol. 38 (4). The

International Playing-Card Society. ISSN 0305-2133.

Hoyle's Games Improved . New York:

G. Long. 1825.

Jones, Charles (1800). Hoyle's Games Improved (New, considerably

enlarged, revised and corrected ed.). London: Ritchie.

Parlett, David (1990). A History

of Card Games, OUP, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-282905-X

Blackjack literature [ edit

]

Mathematics of blackjack [ edit ]